Liquefaction's three parameters include which of the following?

The parameters associated with liquefaction primarily involve the susceptibility of soil types to undergo a dramatic change in behavior when subjected to seismic activity. Loose sand is particularly susceptible to liquefaction because it can lose its strength and behave more like a fluid when saturated with water and subjected to ground motion. The presence of water is crucial, as it saturates the soil, allowing for the pore water pressure to build up during shaking, which can trigger liquefaction. Ground motion, typically from an earthquake, provides the energy necessary to initiate this defensive process.

In contrast, while other choices present various soil and environmental factors, they do not encompass the specific conditions needed for liquefaction. For example, dense gravel or clay soils generally have higher frictional resistance and lower susceptibility to liquefaction, especially when compared to loose sand. Ground force, in this context, is less specific and may not accurately capture the critical interaction between ground motion and soil saturation that defines liquefaction risk. Thus, loose sand, water, and ground motion are the essential components that create the conditions for liquefaction to occur.